Jurgen+Osterhammel,++from+Colonialism

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The outline below is of the article by Osterhammel in your Reilly textbook, pages 273-345. Please read the article, and be ready to answer a discussion question about it.

Jurgen Osterhammel

From //Colonialism//

I. Colonial Epochs A Most important colonial advance from 1760-1830 was of the British position in India. 1. In this period, the English East India Company became both a business enterprise and a state organization a. this involved the establishment of colonial structures in 5 steps b. India begins the epoch of European rule over colonial societies c. India provided the model for the "exploitation colony without settlers" (p. 277) B. 1830-1880 - the era of "Free Trade Imperialism" 1. Previously untouched places were forced to open their economies. 2. from 1870 to 1880 - a special sub-epoch which was a prelude to the appropriation of Africa a. 1880-1902 physical appropriation of Africa was only a realization of the previous appropriation on paper, which was accomplished through population incursion and free trade imperialism II. Colonial Societies A. The Chief characteristic of "modern colonialism" socially was increasing separation between colonizers and colonized 1. "Sealing off of European communities from the indigenousenvironment" (279) had 5 key causes: a. immigration of European women b. change to "age of subordination" c. "violent resistance by the natives" caused a tendency for white minorities to shield themselves. d. European attitude of superiority. e. Racism used to justify the segregations 2. Osterhammel gives examples.

[|Darwin: On the Origin of Species]

[|Qianlong Emperor's Letter to King George III of England] upon the occasion of England requesting formal trade relations [|Commissioner Lin Zixu's letter to Queen Victoria of England] on the subject of opium trading.